Choosing and using research methods
Our fourth research principle is to be methodical, but not rigid. At dxw, we don’t have a fixed set of approved research methods. But when we plan our research, we do need to choose appropriate methods for the context and apply them well.
We prefer tried and trusted methods that can provide strong evidence and reliable answers to our questions, for the least time, effort and cost.
And we always consider a team’s level of experience with user research. So we may prefer simpler methods like interviews and usability testing that the team can easily understand and join in with.
This guide lists our favourite books, articles and videos on the different research methods we use. In future we aim to add links to any tools and templates we have created, along with good examples from previous projects.
Human centred research and design #
At dxw, we follow human centred design practices to start with people and their needs.
Recommended guidance #
- User research in the GOV.UK Service Manual
- The Scottish Approach to Service Design by the Scottish Government
- A Guide to Using User Experience Research Methods by NN/g
- Just Enough Research by Erika Hall
- User Research by Stephanie Marsh
- The Moderator’s Survival Guide by Donna Tedesco and Fiona Tranquada
- The Field Guide to Human-Centred Design by IDEO
- Universal Methods of Design by Martin and Hanington
- Convivial Toolbox by Sanders and Stappers
Interviews #
Interviews are a flexible way to learn more about different types of users, including their circumstances, previous experiences, motivations and needs from services.
Choose interviews when:
- your research is broad and you don’t yet know which topics will be most relevant or which questions will be most useful
- the subject is complicated, will require some explanation and participants are likely to give you long and detailed answers
- you want the chance to ask follow up questions to fully explore and better understand what participants tell you
You can combine interviews with usability testing, by talking to participants to understand previous experiences and current use, before asking them to try out a prototype or service.
Recommended guidance #
- Using in-depth interviews in the GOV.UK Service Manual
- Interviewing Users by Steve Portigal
- Interviewing for Research by Andrew Travers
Contextual research and observation #
Contextual research means visiting people in their everyday environment (like their home, work or school) to observe how they do an activity.
Watching someone complete a task in familiar surroundings with their own equipment (and usual distractions) can help us better understand how they use an existing service, what does and doesn’t work well for them, and what they might need from a future service.
Choose contextual research and observation when:
- you want to see how people do things in a real-life context using their own data, documents and devices
- you want the chance to ask questions about the barriers or problems people experience, and the different ways they try to overcome them
Recommended guidance #
- Contextual research and observation in the GOV.UK Service Manual.
- Field Studies by NN/g
- Contextual Design by Holzblatt and Beyer
- The Field Study Handbook by Jan Chipchase
- Userpalooza by Nick Bowmast
Experience and journey mapping #
Experience and journey maps provide a visual representation of what users do, think and feel over time.
There is no precise distinction between the two kinds of maps. But experience maps most often cover a person’s entire experience of a whole life event, and may include their interactions with a number of services. While journey maps tend to cover their path through a particular service.
Choose experience mapping when you want to:
- create a visual representation of all the things people go through and their experience of those activities
- focus on a person’s entire experience rather than their interaction with one service
Choose journey mapping when you want to:
- create a time ordered visual representation of the larger stages and individual steps people go through when interacting with a service
- show the different people who do, or are involved in, each step, often with swimlanes
- visually associate other aspects of a service (like data and systems) to the stages and steps
Recommended guidance #
- Researching user experiences in the GOV.UK Service Manual
- Creating an experience map in the GOV.UK Service Manual
- Adaptive Path’s Guide to Experience Mapping
- UX Mapping Methods Compared: A Cheat Sheet by NN/g
- Mapping Experiences by Jim Kalbach
Profiles and personas #
Profiles and personas are ways to describe what we’ve learned about the different groups of people who might use, operate or be affected by a service. These groups can be people who play a particular role in a service, or who share some defining circumstances that mean they have similar needs.
There is no precise distinction between the two types of descriptions. But a profile (sometimes also called an archetype) most often focuses on the common aspects of the group. While a persona uses a fictional, yet realistic, character and associated narrative to represent the group.
Either way, profiles and personas should focus on peoples’ roles and motivations, actions and interactions, circumstances and capabilities, experiences and needs.
When creating personas we do not give them names, photos, ages or other demographic details that can create unintended bias in readers.
Choose profiles when:
- you want to describe groups of people who play different roles within a service (such as patients, carers, doctors and pharmacists, in a service about prescriptions)
Choose profiles or personas when:
- you want to describe different groups of people whose circumstances strongly influence their interactions and needs from a service (such as single people, couples and families, in a service about housing)
Choose personas when:
- representing a group with a realistic character will present what you’ve learned about that group in a more engaging way
Recommended guidance #
- The Persona Lifecycle by John Pruitt and Tamara Adlin
- Practical Empathy by Indi Young
- Describing personas by Indi Young
- Mindsets article series at Designit
Workshops and group activities #
Interactive workshops with small groups can be an effective method for user research.
They can help you learn more about the things that actual or likely users do, how they do them, how they think and make decisions, and how they feel about their experiences.
Choose workshops when you want to:
- see how different people, such as colleagues in different roles, or parents and children, work together to make a decision or to get something done
- get a more detailed understanding of people who’ve had a similar experience
You can also do workshops with stakeholders, teams and subject matter experts, as a good first step to get an overview of a new area and build trust in preparation for more detailed research.
Group workshops may not be appropriate when researching very sensitive subjects, or with people in vulnerable contexts, who may want more privacy and confidentiality.
Also bear in mind that you don’t get twice as many findings by inviting twice as many people to a session. If there’s nothing to gain from having several participants together, you should run individual research sessions using methods such as interviews, contextual observation or experience mapping.
Recommended guidance #
- Researching in small group workshops in the GOV.UK Service Manual
- Liberating Structures
- Gamestorming
- Seeds for Change
Usability testing #
Usability testing is where you ask participants to try to complete specific tasks using your service.
Usability testing can be moderated or unmoderated.
In moderated usability testing, you will be present during the session, either in person or online. You will describe the tasks you want participants to try. And will usually ask them to ‘think aloud’ as they move through the service to help you understand what they are doing, thinking and feeling.
In unmoderated usability testing, you will provide participants with the tasks and access to the service you want to test. And participants complete the tasks on their own. You may record the unmoderated tests and ask participants to think aloud for the recording, or capture only web page analytics and the data entered.
Choose usability testing when you have an existing service, a working prototype, or a newly built service, and want to know how well it works for likely users.